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Disease Management

Diseases

1. Covered smut (Ustilago hordei)

Symptoms

  • This disease first becomes noticeable at heading time.
  • At first, the sori are covered with a thick membrane which resists easy rupturing.
  • Hard, black masses of smut spores are found in the place of kernels in affected heads.
  • Tiny spores are spread to healthy seeds during harvest or in storage and spores get attached to the seed.

Management

  • Dust with finely powdered sulphur @ 15-20 kg/ha.
  • Rogue out the infected plants.

2. Loose smut (Ustilago nuda)

Symptoms

  • All the spikelets in the infected plants get converted into smut sori.
  • The smut sori, however, are covered with a fragile membrane which breaks easily at the time the spike emerges from the host exposing a powdery mass of spores.

Mode of spread

The pathogen is internally seed-borne in the embryo.

Management

  • Use of certified, disease-free seed for sowing.
  • Solar-heat or hot-water treatment of seed.
  • Growing tolerant varieties such as C-44, C-50, CN-292, CN-294 and NP-13.

3. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. Hordei)

Symptoms

  • Appearance of white fluffy growth on the leaf surface.
  • Infection leads to premature yellowing and later death of the entire leaf.

Management

  • Control of volunteer crops.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

  • Providing optimum plant spacing.
  • Apply wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

4. Stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici)

Symptoms

  • The first symptom of rust infection is flecking of leaves, leaf sheaths, culms and floral structures.
  • Stems are most severely attacked, then leaf sheaths, leaves and ears.
  • Uredosori appear as reddish brown pustules frequently merging into one another, finally uredosori burst and release powdery mass of uredospores.
  • In the later stage the telutosori appears and produces brown to black lesions.
  • In severe infections the diseased plants are stunted and produce small spikes and shriveled grains or no grain at all.

Management

  • Adjustment of sowing time to escape from disease.
  • Application of sulphur dust of 400 mesh fineness @ 15 kg/ha at weekly interval.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

5. Leaf rust (Puccinia hordei)

Symptoms

  • Appearance of small, round, yellow or yellowish-brown pustules on leaves and leaf sheaths of plant.

Management

  • Growing resistant varieties.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

6. Yellow rust or Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis)

Symptoms

  • Small, yellow, elliptical pustules on leaves, forming stripes which later turn black.
  • Sometimes the pustules appear on the leaf sheaths and glumes.

Management

  • Growing resistant varieties.
  • Removal of volunteer plants.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent

Diseases

1. Covered smut (Ustilago hordei)

Symptoms

  • This disease first becomes noticeable at heading time.
  • At first, the sori are covered with a thick membrane which resists easy rupturing.
  • Hard, black masses of smut spores are found in the place of kernels in affected heads.
  • Tiny spores are spread to healthy seeds during harvest or in storage and spores get attached to the seed.

Management

  • Dust with finely powdered sulphur @ 15-20 kg/ha.
  • Rogue out the infected plants.

2. Loose smut (Ustilago nuda)

Symptoms

  • All the spikelets in the infected plants get converted into smut sori.
  • The smut sori, however, are covered with a fragile membrane which breaks easily at the time the spike emerges from the host exposing a powdery mass of spores.

Mode of spread

  • The pathogen is internally seed-borne in the embryo.

Management

  • Use of certified, disease-free seed for sowing.
  • Solar-heat or hot-water treatment of seed.
  • Growing tolerant varieties such as C-44, C-50, CN-292, CN-294 and NP-13.

3. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. Hordei)

Symptoms

  • Appearance of white fluffy growth on the leaf surface.
  • Infection leads to premature yellowing and later death of the entire leaf.

Management

  • Control of volunteer crops.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

  • Providing optimum plant spacing.
  • Apply wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

4. Stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici)

Symptoms

  • The first symptom of rust infection is flecking of leaves, leaf sheaths, culms and floral structures.
  • Stems are most severely attacked, then leaf sheaths, leaves and ears.
  • Uredosori appear as reddish brown pustules frequently merging into one another, finally uredosori burst and

release powdery mass of uredospores.

  • In the later stage the telutosori appears and produces brown to black lesions.
  • In severe infections the diseased plants are stunted and produce small spikes and shriveled grains or no grain at all.

Management

  • Adjustment of sowing time to escape from disease.
  • Application of sulphur dust of 400 mesh fineness @ 15 kg/ha at weekly interval.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

5. Leaf rust (Puccinia hordei)

Symptoms

  • Appearance of small, round, yellow or yellowish-brown pustules on leaves and leaf

sheaths of plant.

Management

  • Growing resistant varieties.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent.

6. Yellow rust or Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis)

Symptoms

  • Small, yellow, elliptical pustules on leaves, forming stripes which later turn black.
  • Sometimes the pustules appear on the leaf sheaths and glumes.

Management

  • Growing resistant varieties.
  • Removal of volunteer plants.
  • Spray copper oxychloride @ 0.25 per cent.
  • Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.25 per cent